An important step has been taken in the development of sophisticated propulsion systems for upcoming heavy-lift space missions with the successful completion of a critical hot test by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on its semi-cryogenic engine, SE2000. The purpose of this test, called the Power Head Test Article (PHTA), was to verify the combined performance of the gas generator, turbo pumps, pre-burner, and control parts, among other important engine subsystems.
In order to evaluate the pre-burner’s ignition and verify critical engine components, the PHTA required a quick hot-firing that lasted no more than 4.5 seconds and was carried out without the thrust chamber.
The SE2000 engine uses a mixture of liquid oxygen (LOX) and refined kerosene (RP-1) as propellants to generate a thrust of 2,000 kiloNewton (kN). Compared to conventional cryogenic engines that employ LOX and liquid hydrogen (LH2), this setup has a number of benefits. Unlike liquid hydrogen, which must be stored at -253°C, kerosene may be stored at room temperature, making the semi-cryogenic system more economical and enabling easier storage. It also offers a higher density impulse.
The development of the semi-cryogenic engine by ISRO is a component of larger plans to increase the launch vehicles’ payload capacity. The Launch Vehicle MK-III (LVM3) and upcoming launch vehicles such as the Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) would perform much better thanks to ISRO’s progress in completing the cryogenic stage required to power the booster stages of launch vehicles.
The NGLV will use LOX-based propulsion and reusable first-stage technology to reach a payload capacity of up to 30 tonnes in Low Earth Orbit. It is being designed for human-rated missions, such as the Gaganyaan program.
ISRO experienced setbacks before this triumph, including as a test abortion in July 2023 brought about by technical difficulties at its Mahendragiri facility. Nonetheless, the PHTA was successfully completed after constant improvement, which represents a major development in ISRO’s propulsion technology.
ISRO remains committed to improving its propulsion systems, which includes incorporating cutting-edge technology for long-haul spaceflight and reusable launch vehicle parts.
